Article 15:-constitution of india

  Mainly articles 14-18 of constitution of india talks about the right to equality.
According to this the state cannot deny any person equality before the law.

                                                    Article-15
Article 15 state that state cannot discriminate anyone based on their-


Say no to discrimination. 


● Religion
● Race
● caste
● sex
● place of birth 

No citizen can be restricted on the same grounds as well .
This is not enough for the progress of our country;all citizens should be provided with equal opportunity. 

                                                  Article-15
● 15(1)
● 15(2)
● 15(3)
● 15(4)
● 15(5)


                            Article-15(1)
The state shall not discriminate against on grounds only of religion, race,caste, sex and place of birth or any one of them.

                       
State refers to:::-------1.central government of India and the parliament of india.
                                     2.state government and state legislatures.
                                     3  .local authorities like municipalities,panchyat.
                                    4.Authorities operating under supervision of government .


                                              Article-15(2)

No Citizen shall discriminate on grounds only of religion, race,caste, sex and place of birth any of them with regard to:

■ Access to shops,public restaurants ,hotels and places of public entertainment.

 
■ The use of well ,tanks,bathing ghats,roads,regional places and places of public resort maintained wholly or partially out of state funds or dedicated to use of general public .



                                            Article-15(3)

In article 15(3) state can bring specific provisions for women and children.



Discriminate word refers unfavorable distinctions. 

⊙Article 15(3) talks about positive discrimination (in the favor or benifits) for women and children.

⊙article 15(3) state that, for the protection of specif group(women and children), it is necessary to bring specific legislation for their up liftment.

⊙Keeping the protection of women and children in the society, if the government does such positive steps like-reservation of seats in parliament for women, special sitting arrangements for women etc.
And all these shall not be discriminatory because there is a rational factor behind this.

           ♤  Yusuf    vs    state of Bombay   case falls under section 497  :-In 1951, one Mr Yusuf Abdul Aziz, charged with adultery, contended before the Bombay High Court that Section 497 IPC is unconstitutional as it, in contravention of Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution6, operates unequally between a man and a woman by making only the former responsible for adultery.

⊙Section 497 comes under this article:-in section 497, it was said that women are not punishable in the offense of adultery and this provision is discriminatory. 

Example:- child labour  prohibition and regulation act.


                                            Article-15(4)

                                     Advancement of backward class.
                  This was inserted during 1st constitutional ammendment act.
     
            STATE OF MADARAS  VS   CHAMPAKAM DORAIRAJAN  case is special case under.

Nothing in this article shall prevent state from making any special provisions for the advancement of  any secb,sc and st.
1.Social and educationally back ward caste.
                                             2.schedulde caste
                                             3.schedulde tribe 

   M R Balaji  vs   state of mysore is special case falls under this one 15(4):-M R Balaji vs  State of Mysore  wherein the newly inserted Article 15(4) was examined by the Supreme Court. Under challenge here was a governmental order issued by the State of Mysore, wherein backward classes were identified exclusively on the basis of caste.



                                 Article-15(5)


                       ●  Add through 93 amendment act.

¤¤¤ Nothing in this article shall prevent the state from making any specific provision for the advancement of any sec,sc and st's .related to their admissions to educational institution Including private educational institutions ,whether aided or unaided by states

◇  Socially and educationally backward class
◇  Schedulde castes
◇  Scheduled tribes




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